Unexpected Results
Adverb Clauses with Unexpected Outcomes
Adverb Clauses Showing Opposition (Unexpected Result)
When the result of the main clause is contrary to expectations, use adverb clauses with 'although', 'even though', 'despite' or 'in spite of'.
We brought aid into all of the geographic areas, even though the country was suffering from a bombing campaign."
Though the bombing campaign fit the UN definition of genocide, the international community did not condemn the invasion."
Though the negative outcome was known, the US continued the practice of water fluoridation."
'Although', 'even though', and 'though' all introduce a full clause that includes both subject and verb. The three expressions can be used interchangeably.
Although
Example:
We decided to keep our present organizational structure, although the problems in the organization remained."
Though
Example:
Though the negative outcome was known, the US continued the practice of water fluoridation."
Even though
Example:
We brought aid into all of the geographic areas, even though the country was suffering from a bombing campaign."
Prepositions
Despite
'Despite' and 'in spite of' are followed by a noun or noun phrase and are followed by a comma when introducing the sentence. If 'despite' or 'in spite of' are used in the middle of a sentence, no commas are required. Use 'despite' or 'in spite of' when the result of the main clause is contrary to expectations,
Example:
Despite the global structures working against the movement, Fair trade continues to gain traction."
In spite of
'In spite of' is followed by a noun (phrase) and is followed by a comma when introducing the sentence. If 'in spite of' is used in the middle of a sentence, no comma is required.
Example:
In spite of the failure of governance, the reform project eventually succeeded."
In spite of the cease-fire, the peace-building efforts have produced limited results."
'Despite' and 'in spite of' convey the same unexpected result and can be used interchangeably.